Early Complex Societies
• Prehistoric Era - Indus Valley Civilisation (3500–2000 BCE)
• Early Vedic Period (1750 – 850 BCE)
• Prehistoric Era - Indus Valley Civilisation (3500–2000 BCE)
• Early Vedic Period (1750 – 850 BCE)
Ancient Civilizations
• Middle Vedic Period (from 1200 BCE)
• Late Vedic period (from 850 BCE)
• Middle Vedic Period (from 1200 BCE)
• Late Vedic period (from 850 BCE)
Classical Civilizations
• Second urbanisation Early empires (600–200 BCE)
• Disintegration and regional states (200 BCE–300 CE)
• "Golden Age" (Gupta Empire) (320–650 CE)
– Aryabhatta, the great Indian mathematician and astronomer wrote Surya Siddhanta and Aryabhattiya. Aryabhatta is believed to have conceptualised ‘zero
– Varahamihira wrote Brihatsamhita. He was an astronomer and an astrologer.
• Second urbanisation Early empires (600–200 BCE)
• Disintegration and regional states (200 BCE–300 CE)
• "Golden Age" (Gupta Empire) (320–650 CE)
– Aryabhatta, the great Indian mathematician and astronomer wrote Surya Siddhanta and Aryabhattiya. Aryabhatta is believed to have conceptualised ‘zero
– Varahamihira wrote Brihatsamhita. He was an astronomer and an astrologer.
Transregional nomadic empires
• Regional Indian kingdoms and Beginning of Islamic raids (650–1100 CE)
• Delhi Sultanate (north India) (1206–1526 CE)
• Vijayanagara Empire (south India) (1336–1646 CE)
• Regional Indian kingdoms and Beginning of Islamic raids (650–1100 CE)
• Delhi Sultanate (north India) (1206–1526 CE)
• Vijayanagara Empire (south India) (1336–1646 CE)
Independent India
Seasons in India
Winter / (December to March)
Summer / pre-monsoon (April to June)
Monsoon / rainy season (July to September)
Post-monsoon / autumn season (October to November)
National Capital New Delhi (Govt of India)
28 States
8 Union territories
Neighbours Afghanistan Pakistan China
Bangladesh Nepal Bhutan Myanmar Sri Lanka Maldives
People of India
1.38 Billion (As in Jan, 2022)17.7% of the total world population
Male- 71.6 million, Female- 67.1 million, Sex ratio- 948 females/1000 male
More than 50% of its population below the age of 25
35% of the population is urban
National Flag
Saffron color represents strength and courage;White represents peace and truth;
Green represents fertility, growth and auspiciousness;
Wheel (The Ashok Chakra) represents the Laws of dharma (righteousness)
National Symbols
National Animal
Royal Bengal Tiger
National Bird
Indian Peafowl
National Tree
Banyan Tree
National Fruit
Indian Mango
National Aquatic Animal
River Dolphin
National Flower
Lotus
National Currency
Indian Rupee
National River
Ganga
Political System & Elections
•India is the world's most populous democracy
•Parliamentary republic with a multi-party system
•Seven recognised national parties
•51 registered State Parties and more than 1700 unrecognized parties
•834 million voters
•The Election Commission of India - independent Constitutional Authority
